Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement and cognition. According to the Parkinson’s Foundation, nearly one million Americans live with Parkinson’s today, and that number is expected to rise as the population ages.
What many families don’t realize is that Parkinson’s can also lead to dementia. In fact, research suggests that up to half of people living with Parkinson’s may eventually develop dementia as the disease advances. Understanding the relationship between Parkinson’s and dementia can help caregivers prepare, plan, and support their loved ones more effectively.
What is Parkinson’s disease (PD)?
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that develops when the brain’s dopamine-producing cells, particularly in a region called the substantia nigra, begin to die off. Dopamine is a chemical messenger that helps control movement, balance, and coordination. When dopamine levels drop, symptoms appear gradually and worsen over time.
Common symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include:
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Tremors or shaking in the hands, arms, or legs
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Muscle stiffness or rigidity
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Slowness of movement (bradykinesia)
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Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
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Reduced facial expression and speech changes
These symptoms often begin subtly and may be mistaken for normal aging until they interfere with daily activities.
What is Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD)?
Parkinson’s disease dementia refers to cognitive decline that develops at least one year after the onset of motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. When memory, reasoning, and thinking abilities become affected later in the course of the illness, doctors may diagnose PDD.
This condition shares many features with Lewy body dementia (LBD), since both are caused by similar brain changes. The distinction lies mainly in the timing of cognitive symptoms:
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In PDD, dementia develops after established Parkinson’s motor symptoms.
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In LBD, cognitive symptoms appear before or around the same time as movement issues.
What Causes Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia?
Both PD and PDD are associated with the accumulation of Lewy bodies, abnormal clumps of a protein called alpha-synuclein, in brain cells. These protein buildups disrupt the brain’s normal functioning, affecting movement, mood, sleep, and cognition.
Researchers continue to study what triggers Lewy body formation, but most agree that genetics, aging, and environmental factors play a role. You can learn more about this process from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
Who is at risk for developing PD and PDD?
Anyone can develop Parkinson’s, though the risk increases with age. Men are slightly more likely to be diagnosed than women. Certain factors may increase the likelihood of developing Parkinson’s disease dementia later in life, including:
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Advanced age at the time of Parkinson’s diagnosis
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Severe motor symptoms or postural instability
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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at diagnosis
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Daytime sleepiness
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Hallucinations or visual disturbances early in the disease
These symptoms don’t always predict dementia, but they can serve as warning signs to monitor closely.
Common Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease Dementia
Every individual experiences Parkinson’s disease dementia differently, but some of the most common symptoms include:
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Difficulty interpreting visual information
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Impaired judgment, focus, or memory
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Muffled or slowed speech
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Visual hallucinations or delusions
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Depression, anxiety, or irritability
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Sleep disturbances or vivid dreams
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Increased confusion, especially in unfamiliar settings
Because symptoms can overlap with Alzheimer’s or other dementias, it’s important to seek an accurate diagnosis from a neurologist specializing in movement disorders.
How Are Parkinson’s and PDD Treated?
Although there is no cure for Parkinson’s or PDD, a combination of medications, therapies, and lifestyle adjustments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
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Medications such as levodopa can help control motor symptoms, while cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., rivastigmine) may aid memory and cognition.
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Physical, occupational, and speech therapies help maintain mobility, communication, and independence.
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Structured routines and a calm environment can reduce confusion and agitation.
Staying connected with a neurologist and care team ensures ongoing support and timely medication adjustments as needs evolve.
Reducing Risk and Supporting Brain Health
While Parkinson’s and PDD cannot currently be prevented, adopting healthy habits can protect brain and cardiovascular health, which may help delay the onset or progression of symptoms.
The Parkinson’s Foundation and Alzheimer’s Association recommend:
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Regular aerobic and strength-building exercise
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A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein
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Adequate sleep and stress management
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Staying socially active and mentally engaged
These steps not only benefit those living with Parkinson’s, but also enhance well-being for caregivers and family members.
Caregiver Support at Bridges
Caring for someone with Parkinson’s disease dementia requires patience, understanding, and a supportive network. At Bridges® by EPOCH, we provide educational programs and caregiver support groups that help loved ones learn how to navigate challenges like communication, mobility, and emotional well-being.
Our team offers guidance, emotional support, and resources to help caregivers maintain balance and resilience while ensuring their loved one receives expert care. We’re here for you every step of the way. You don’t have to be a part of community to attend these sessions.
Expert Memory Care for Parkinson’s and Dementia
Bridges® by EPOCH provides specialized memory care assisted living designed to support individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease dementia, and other forms of cognitive decline. Our wellness-focused programs encourage independence, dignity, and purpose each day.
Our communities are purpose-built for comfort and safety, featuring soft color palettes, directional cues, and soothing aromatherapy to promote calm and familiarity. Our aim is build a homelike environment where residents feels safe and engaged. This environment, combined with expert support and enriching programs, means many residents thrive under our care.
As New England’s largest stand-alone memory care assisted living provider, Bridges® by EPOCH offers families peace of mind and residents a fulfilling, engaging lifestyle.
Contact us today to learn more or find your local community.